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When is a fibre "natural"?
The International Year of Natural Fibres celebrates fibres produced by plants and animals. It does not include modern man-made artificial and synthetic fibres such as rayon, nylon, acrylic and polyester. Tree fibres are not covered by the International Year, but will be one focus of the International Year of Forests in 2011.
Natural fibres
Ancient fabrics, high-tech geotextiles
Profiles of 15 of the world's major plant and animal fibres - many of them fundamental to human society since the dawn of civilization
Natural fibres are greatly elongated substances produced by plants and animals that can be spun into filaments, thread or rope. Woven, knitted, matted or bonded, they form fabrics that are essential to society.
Like agriculture, textiles have been a fundamental part of human life since the dawn of civilization. Fragments of cotton articles dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and Pakistan. According to Chinese tradition, the history of silk begins in the 27th century BC. The oldest wool textile, found in Denmark, dates from 1500 BC, and the oldest wool carpet, from Siberia, from 500 BC. Fibres such as jute and coir have been cultivated since antiquity.
While the methods used to make fabrics have changed greatly since then, their functions have changed very little: today, most natural fibres are still used to make clothing and containers and to insulate, soften and decorate our living spaces. Increasingly, however, traditional textiles are being used for industrial purposes as well as in components of composite materials, in medical implants, and geo- and agro-textiles.
In this section we present profiles of 15 of the world's major plant and animal fibres. They range from cotton, which dominates world fibre production, to other, specialty fibres such as cashmere which, though produced in far smaller quantities, have particular properties that place them in the luxury textiles market.
Plant fibres
Plant fibres include seed hairs, such as cotton; stem (or bast) fibres, such as flax and hemp; leaf fibres, such as sisal; and husk fibres, such as coconut.
Abaca - Once a favoured source of rope, abaca shows promise as an energy-saving replacement for glass fibres in automobiles
Coir - A coarse, short fibre extracted from the outer shell of coconuts, coir is found in ropes, mattresses, brushes, geotextiles and automobile seats
Cotton - Pure cellulose, cotton is the world's most widely used natural fibre and still the undisputed "king" of the global textiles industry
Flax - One of nature's strongest vegetable fibres, flax was also one of the first to be harvested, spun and woven into textiles
Hemp - Recent advances in the "cottonization" of hemp fibre could open the door to the high quality clothing market
Jute - The strong threads made from jute fibre are used worldwide in sackcloth - and help sustain the livelihoods of millions of small farmers
Ramie - Ramie fibre is white, with a silky lustre, and is one of the strongest natural fibres, similar to flax in absorbency and density
Sisal - Too coarse for clothing, sisal is replacing glass fibres in composite materials used to make cars and furniture
Animal fibres
Animal fibres include wool, hair and secretions, such as silk.
Alpaca wool - Alpaca is used to make high-end luxury fabrics, with world production estimated at around 5 000 tonnes a year
Angora wool - The silky white wool of the Angora rabbit is very fine and soft, and used in high quality knitwear
Camel hair - The best fibre is found on the Bactrian camels of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, and baby camel hair is the finest and softest
Cashmere - Cashmere is exceptionally soft to the touch owing to the structure of its fibres and has great insulation properties without being bulky
Mohair - White, very fine and silky, mohair is noted for its softness, brightness and receptiveness to rich dyes
Silk - Developed in ancient China, where its use was reserved for royalty, silk remains the "queen of fabrics"
Wool - Limited supply and exceptional characteristics have made wool the world's premier textile fibre.
- Visit the site: http://www.naturalfibres2009.org
- Help promote the Year
Media resources - http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/iynf/media.html
Download from this page the IYNF poster, brochures, factsheets, and T-shirt and bag designs
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